The decision regarding the best treatment option for cancer patients with anemia is dependent on many factors including the presence of symptoms, etiology of anemia, chemotherapy treatment intent and patient comorbidities. While red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is best for symptomatic patients requiring an immediate boost in hemoglobin levels, consideration of erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) therapy and/or iron supplementation may be warranted for the long-term management of anemia in high-risk patients or in asymptomatic patients with comorbidities.