The promising pCR data for total neoadjuvant therapy and dostarlimab and the impact these treatment strategies may have for the watch-and-wait approach have exciting implications for patients who are not candidates for surgery or for those who wish to avoid surgical morbidity.

With the use of genetic and molecular testing, gliomas can be differentiated more accurately in terms of prognosis and, in some instances, response to different therapies. The updated WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) takes into account the importance of molecular data for accurately diagnosing CNS tumors. Detection of genetic or epigenetic alterations could expand clinical trial options for a patient with a brain tumor.

Targeted therapy approaches for mCRC continue to evolve as new data helps define how to best improve outcomes. Decisions regarding treatment for patients with mCRC require that clinicians be familiar with existing and new targeted therapies as well as the most effective and tolerable combination regimens.

Triple-negative breast cancer continues to be labeled with a poor prognosis secondary to the fact that it tends to be more aggressive and poses a greater risk of recurrence. Because it lacks the receptors that many drugs have been designed to target, the standard of practice remains chemotherapy. Therefore, research has been focused on trying to identify other therapeutic targets for which agents already exist or are currently being developed. Within recent years, PD-L1 inhibition is being studied in trials as a new avenue for treatment options in these patients. Current evidence demonstrates increased benefit when using these agents in combination with chemotherapy.