ALL in the pediatric patient demographic has demonstrated a growing improvement in survival rates over the past five decades. However, challenges in management approaches and prognoses persist.

As additional, more effective, and novel therapies are added to the repertoire of cancer therapy, there are increasing numbers of cancer survivors, and these survivors are living for longer periods of time from diagnosis.

While blinatumomab has been utilized in the setting of relapsed or refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) for years, emerging data has shown promising clinical efficacy with its use as post-remission therapy.

Immunotherapy using antibody drug conjugates, immune check point inhibitors, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells has significantly transformed the treatment landscape of relapsed or refractory hematologic malignancies.

Multiple CAR T-cell therapies are approved for the treatment of certain relapsed or refractory hematologic malignancies with promising clinical outcomes. However, treatment with CAR T-cell therapy is not without risk and can result in severe and potentially fatal toxicities.